Calpurnia essays

Calpurnia expositions Calpurnia acts like shes the mother of Scout and Jem. In addition to the fact that she cooks and clean for the Finchs, she likewise trains, exhorts, and deals with all Jems and Scouts needs. Cal is an amazingly knowledgeable dark lady who lives in two extremely inverse universes. In one world she is the mother of two white youngsters and she talks like them. In her other world shes with different blacks, going to chapel with them, and acting and talking like different blacks. Calpurnia resembles a Ying-Yang image since she lives two inverse lives, and a little piece of every life is inside the other one. ... <!

Principles and practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Standards and practice - Assignment Example Hence drifts in outside condition can have a significant on buyer decision and inclinations and accordingly, it is significant for advertisers to know about such patterns. Fundamental patterns are moderately moderate moving changes in the commercial center that may happen for various reasons. An effective advertisers needs to monitor these progressions and react appropriately. The idea of the patterns is probably going to contrast; at times they are customer driven and once in a while business drove. Be that as it may, organizations must understand that so as to increase a serious edge and better fulfill the clients, these patterns are should have been considered. Large scale factors are those that indirectly affect the business, otherwise called PESTEL. It incorporates factors that make openings and dangers to business and is classified as the far condition. These incorporate factors, for example, political, natural, socio-social, mechanical, monetary and lawful. Concerning advertis ers of beautifying agents items, these elements assume a urgent job and can significantly affect the business structure. Political elements comprise of laws, government offices and weight bunches that impact and breaking point different association activity plans. For example, enactment influencing beautifiers business has expanded around the world. Additionally, different laws exist that secures organizations, buyers and enthusiasm of the general public on the loose. What's more, above all there is an expanded accentuation from government, on socially dependable conduct. Concerning political elements from corrective industry’s perspective, flimsy political states of the applicable areas can be problematic for the business as for imports and fares. Besides, an expansion or diminishing in charge rates can likewise affect the productivity of the business well or horribly. Natural factors principally incorporate the environmental factors, climate and environmental change. With s ignificant environmental change happening because of an Earth-wide temperature boost and with more noteworthy natural mindfulness, this outside is turning into a critical issue to consider. It is especially imperative to restorative firms as the business includes many info material that may carry harm to nature. Likewise items are defenseless to atmosphere changes, and in this way need exhaustive examination. Concerning ecological elements, firm can make esteem and better fulfill clients by receiving natural neighborly methodology. This would assist firm with keeping away from legitimate expenses and increment its generosity. Besides, utilization of regular fixings, favored by the purchasers likewise includes esteem. Change in social patterns can affect the interest for a firm’s items. Maturing populace, pay gatherings, way of life and social class profoundly influence corrective interest. Along these lines, social elements influence the client needs and size of potential mar ket. With changing design patterns, expanded mindfulness and better ways of life, interest for beauty care products is probably going to increment. For example, an expanded mindfulness among men may prompt an inside and out new corrective line. So also, maturing populace is probably going to expand interest for hostile to maturing makeup. New innovation makes new items and procedure. It will in general effect both the business procedure and the last contribution. With the appearance of web for example, the conveyance channels have gotten virtual with cost efficiencies for restorative industry. Different advancements incorporate bar coding and PC helped structure that empowers organizations to monitor its client inclination and offer inventive plans, individually. Innovation, in this way can

Academic Essay Editing On Hidden Potential

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Also in this section: Assignment Writing Company: Texts Drawing Attention Papers Editing Services: How to Focus Purchase College Paper: Attention Future Writers Term Paper Help: Scholarship Abroad English Grammar And Spelling Check To Improve Your English College Essay Editor: Skills To Develop Dissertation Writing Company: Choose An Approach Thesis Proofreading: How To Stay Focused Besides editing of academic papers, we also provide free essays on various topics in our blog. This one is dedicated to your hidden potential. Enjoy reading! Probably the most obvious piece of advice, in this case, is constant self-development and personal growth. This is a dogma of a modern person who wants to keep pace with the whole world. That's why you should always improve your skills and master new ones multiplying your knowledge daily. This essay will be dedicated to searching for your hidden potential by means of common approaches to self-development. To learn foreign languages Most of the guides on personal growth emphasize that it is crucial to learn foreign languages since it provides plenty of benefits. You can also improve the knowledge of your native language since no one will take you seriously if you dont know your mother tongue. You will be able to read novels and poems in the original language. It provides a lot of opportunities for the career and so on. The primal benefit is our cognitive skills improvement. First of all, foreign languages significantly improve our memory and its capacity. This is an excellent opportunity to get acquainted with cultural peculiarities and traditions of other nations. Learn to play musical instruments Musical instruments, as well as the sport, is a perfect means of self-development since by means. First of all, it makes us more disciplined and attentive since it is impossible to master any musical instruments being distracted. Moreover, scientists proved that such skills significantly improve our IQ. Today, there are plenty of opportunities to learn how to play musical instruments. The Internet is fulfilled with websites and YouTube channels dedicated to this topic. There is no need to attend special courses. Musical instruments will be easy to master with these tips for the newbie musicians that only begin their journey. Improve communication skills Communication is one of the most important skills of a modern man since it plays a very significant role in our lives. This is a universal way to share and get knowledge and experience, and that is why it is crucial to add it to this list. There are plenty of benefits for those who mastered communication art. It is crucial to speak clearly and comprehensively since communication skills are helpful for both business affairs and education. Generally, this is a basic skill for those who want to be a full-fledged member of society since with regard to modern requirements a person unable to communicate properly is usually disregarded. Create a blog Today, almost everybody has its personal blog. This is not about fame, this is an excellent way to share something interesting with people and get feedback. Moreover, this is a good opportunity to read other blogs and spend time enjoying the posts of knowledgeable people. This is also a good psychological trick that helps to release stress and anxiety. Moreover, this is a good practice for your writing skills that are also essential for effective communication. Once your writing skills are developed, you will be able to start writing short stories or even novels. This is a fascinating experience that will grant new emotions. You might be the next Jack London. This simple guide on how to create a blog will help those who encounter this world for the first time. Speed reading skills Bill Gates said that if he could have one superpower, he would choose to read faster. Information has become the currency of a new century, and our success depends on the speed of processing and perceiving of information. Today reading is a tool that helps us to get a good job or successfully graduate from the university. Moreover, there are plenty of informational resources we should get acquainted with, and speed reading helps to save a lot of time without compromising on effectiveness. This skills also develop. Another crucial reason for mastering this skill. This is a perfect book to test your skill practically Master drawing The drawing is perfect leisure and a good approach to self-development. First of all, it releases stress and helps to relax. It also develops imagination which is very important for those who apply to creativity every day. Moreover, it also significantly boosts critical thinking skills that might also be useful in your day-to-day activity The best thing in the drawing is that everyone can master this skill. It is scientifically proven the fact, and if you dreamt of drawing, this is a perfect time to begin. Besides, there are plenty of practical and theoretical sources of information on the internet. Networking Most of our readers might be confused by this term. Actually, this term is referred to the links that connect people, but the way you use them determines the essence of this term. Every successful person encounters with networking every day as a means of communication. Moreover, this is a good practice for our communication and social skills. All our customers can use the whole range of our services with a great discount. Contact our support representatives to find out more about the discounts we offer. 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Understanding Logic And Reason Behind Everything - 996 Words

Professor Joel Bettridge Ways of knowing April 12, 2016 Acting for a Reason Trying to understand logic and reason behind everything can be complicated. Some old mathematicians believe, for instance, that we cannot represent the greatest number, if it exists, because N+1 or when adding 1 to the greatest number, N will no longer be the highest number. Similarly, morality makes sense only as long as it remains in the practical domain. Generally, there are two important factors that affect our moral actions which are rationality and reason. Rationality is the way of analyzing the relationship between cause and effect, but reason is just an approach that is used to understand what the moral and immoral actions are. Some people may say we act morally because it makes our society function better, as well as our and other’s lives. Others may believe that acting morally can be due to the existence of religion and God, to whom we owe obedience and calls us to follow his moral commandments. These reasons make differences in relativeness which can differ from per son to person. There are different moralities in different situations. In other words, when someone sees certain beliefs from other person’s reasoning, he may see them as immoral. Accordingly, a rational person may use reason to justify the immoral actions. According to Kantian ethics, actions should be reason-based or rational to be ethical. In other words, the rational behavior is the most ethical when it is reason-basedShow MoreRelatedEthos And Pathos In The Achievement Habit By Bernard Roth958 Words   |  4 Pagesor to trust them or not. In the novel â€Å"The Achievement Habit† written by Bernard Roth, while still showing emotion towards his audience, Roth makes sure to have reliable credentials and logic behind his reasoning. Roth has a passionate attitude and strong morals about what he preaches in chapter two, â€Å"Reasons are Bullshit† that is reassuring and fitting to the reader. His communication is established through personal relations and stories, professionalism, and awareness. A paradigm is the wayRead MoreDescartes and God Essay820 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates on many things. Logic is often employed in order to understand and come to an agreement on these debated topics. One such topic, which is arguably the greatest topic of debate occurring in modern day, is the existence of God. Sure, many people believe in some sort of higher being, but how many of them try and use logic and rational thought to prove the existence of God. Many probably, however we will only look at one such person. Rene Descartes attempts to use his own logic to come up with theRead MoreMaterialism And Rationalism Of Ancient Greek Philosophers1027 Words   |  5 Pagesmaterial interaction. Everything is made up o f something. Because of this, Materialists believe that matter is primary and spirit body ideas were secondary. Materialisms explains there is a world outside of the mind and how our mind is just a part of it. This paradigm was supported by an example of materialism can be shown through the Milesian school. The Milesians first laid down the foundations of Materialisms by removing the gods from famous stories and looked at the nature behind the destruction theRead More Nature of Logic and Perception Essays1127 Words   |  5 PagesNature or Logic and Perception Outline: 1. Definition of logic and its connection with critical thinking. 2. An everyday example is given when use of logic and critical thinking takes place. 3. Nature of logic defined. 4. Perceptual shortcuts and factors influencing it. 5. How these shortcuts affect our decisions. 6. My personal experience of perceptual shortcut. 7. What I learned from this experience. 8. Importance of logic and critical thinking. 9. Read MoreSaint Anselm, A Strong Believer On The Existence And Essence Of God1534 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of the nature of the God that crafted it. Sometimes, Christian’s aren’t always called to understand everything about this world and the things beyond it. Yes, they are called to seek wisdom, like in Proverbs when it says one needs to, â€Å"[make their] ear attentive to wisdom and inclining [their] heart[s] to understanding; yes, if you call out for insight and raise your voice for understanding, if you seek it like silver and search for it as for hidden treasures, then you will understand the fearRead MoreAn Alternative Form Of Implication1562 Words   |  7 Pagesthe sense of classical logic, we can derive the statement q from p, or namely p implies q. And as such, implication can be seen in classical logic within the format of antecedent,horseshoe,consequent or antecedent,arrow,consequent (P âŠÆ' Q (P - Q). I will delve into the following topics in regards to whether it is necessary for an alternative form of implication, namely strict implication. Such as, the properties of strict implication and its uses within modal logic, other logics and how they interactRead MoreGalileo on religion and science Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagessuggesting that the truth can only be sought out if the notion under consideration can be accurately tested and if the opposing view can be founded as false. Galileo’s goes into depth about the truth of scripture and the sciences, intertwined with the reason of man, in his letter to Christina of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Early on in the letter Galileo, infers from St Augustine that the Holy Ghost did not intend to teach â€Å"how heaven goes† rather â€Å"how one goes to heaven†. Galileo interprets thisRead MoreThomas Paine And The Undermining Of American Democracy1012 Words   |  5 Pagesdemocracy, then that religion should be based on reason and logic. Any other religion that isn’t based on those principles would undermine American democracy. The religion that Paine is advocating and referring to is called deism . Paine gives a depiction of deism with this passage, â€Å"The true Deist has but one Deity; and his religion consists in contemplating the power, wisdom, and benignity of the Deity in his works, and in endeavoring to imitate him in everything moral, scientifically, and mechanical.† Read MoreThe Underground Man Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesthat he abhors was the way in which progressive thinkers of his era worship reason. This was amusing because at the same time, he does not entirely reject reason. From analyzing the text, it is apparent that the Underground Man values reason, but he also sees it as incomplete and an underestimation of the power of free will. The Underground Man’s is not extreme, but quite moderate, because he does see values in reason, and he constantly exhibit logical thinking in his words. For instance, he emphasizesRead MoreThe Difference Between Truth And Belief1585 Words   |  7 Pagespositive thing, and do not get me wrong, it can be. I am not trying to say that faith is bad, what I want to make clear is that faith is secondary. I do not consider myself one without faith, I just feel like I have come to a somewhat unconventional understanding of faith. Or perhaps just a new, slowly growing grasp on it. Faith does not necessarily have anything to do with religion. For many, faith and religion are two separate things. But I do think it is far easier to explain faith when using religion

Poverty and the American Dream Essay - 2446 Words

Poverty and the American Dream Research Paper Final Draft Jeffery White English 101 Section 7 December 20,2012 The American Dream has driven many people for a long time. The dream has been presented in Hollywood movies showing a family or person striving to succeed in America. When the dream is mentioned it is done so as a powerful symbol inspiring a whole nation of immigrants. However, the â€Å"Dream† is misleading because it implies there is only one rather than many. Moreover, there are many perceptions of the American Dream and its fulfillment depends on culture, age and citizenship. This misperception of the American Dream has led to the downfall of many immigrants who came in search or pursuit of the American dream. For example†¦show more content†¦They show that you can come to America and achieve greatness by doing a little. They have to wear designer clothes and in a suburban home. This view is sometimes defined as: â€Å"A delusion, an illusion meant to keep people dissatisfied and hungering to spend more money, in the hopes that the next purchase will be the one that buys them the happiness they are promised. What no one told our framers is that happiness isnt a commodity. It is something that is internal, easily found, and free of charge. Happiness and the reality of the American dream are found in abandoning the false dream, and creating one of your own. Understanding that all the trappings of Western culture are props in a badly acted movie, and that you can throw their script away and make one of your own is a liberating experience. It is possible to have a wonderfully rich and fulfilling life without designer clothes, a wedding register, minivan, suburban house, or even a TV (Johnson, 2001).† This delusion does not only prevent you from societies true identity, but leads to the downfall of a person. â€Å"For an immigrant the American dream is to achieve economic wellbeing and good quality of life through hard work and perseverance. As well as, the aspect of family and emotional and physical wellbeing.† (Van de Rijt, 2008). Even though this is the view of many immigrants, they are hindered to achieve that success. One has to ask themselves this question: How can immigrantsShow MoreRelatedPoverty And The American Dream919 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2000, the poverty rate among children was 16.2% (Reef 253)! Poverty is a relevant issue that isn t going away. It s ruining minds and lives at the same time. Poverty changes how people view the American Dream, achieve the American Dream, and even affect how people s brains work and develop. With all of the media s hatred of poor people, it must affect their self-confidence and how they view the American Dream. Through her experience, Jennifer Mayer has noticed that very problem. While workingRead MorePoverty And The American Dream933 Words   |  4 Pages42% of kids born in poverty will not get out. Today, more Americans are falling below the poverty line and are struggling trying to find a way to get out. The Inequality gap in America has increased for the past few decades. Resulting from Economic Inequality in America, 400 Americans share more than 50% of America’s total wealth. These 400 Americans are the Top 1%. While the Top 1% are living luxurious lives, the Bottom 99% is struggling to make ends meet. Inequality is nothing new to the UnitedRead MorePoverty and the American Dream4620 Words   |  19 Pagesâ€Å"The American Dream† as defined by James Truslow Adams in 1931 is a national ethos of the United States in which freedom includes the opportu nity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility achieved through hard work. Truslow states life should be worse and poorer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement regardless of social class or circumstances of birth. The idea of the American Dream is rooted in the United States Declaration of IndependenceRead MorePoverty And Chances Of Accomplishing The American Dream Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesLewis Teofil Husar ENG-111 11/30/16 Poverty and Chances of Accomplishing the American Dream. Everyone has heard of the American dream but is it even achievable? As the years go on, many children are born into poverty and stuck with the possibility of not making it out of the lower class. â€Å"The nations official poverty rate in 2015 was 13.5 percent, with 43.1 million people in poverty, 3.5 million fewer than in 2014. The 1.2 percentage point decrease in the poverty rate from 2014 to 2015 representsRead MoreWage Crisis By Michael Maher : Money, Power And The American Dream : Why Poverty?1189 Words   |  5 Pageswhen the future actually comes. The films Wage Crisis by Michael Maher; Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream: Why Poverty? by Alex Gibney; and The Secret of Oz by Ben Still, are some of the films that highlight the future or work and the how the wages and economy are really affecting those who are looking for work and trying to work towards a common goal – achieving the American Dream. Throughout this review, these movies will be compared to t he content that have been covered in the FutureRead MoreEssay on Poverty and Sociology1344 Words   |  6 Pages2 million people were considered poor. The nation’s poverty rate rose to 15.1 percent, whereas in 2009, 14.3 percent of people in America were living in poverty (Censky, 2011). That is an increase of 2.6 million people in 2010. In the United States, the federal poverty line – an absolute measure of annual income – is frequently used to determine who is categorized as poor (Ferris Stein, 2008, 2010). Currently the government defines the poverty line as an income of $11,139 for an individual and $22Read MoreThe American Dream : The Myth Of The American Dream1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe Myth of The American Dream   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the years immigrants have come to America in hopes of achieving their dreams and finding success. But is America really what it’s thought to be? Can their American   dream become a reality?   Everyone in America has the dream of achieving success and wealth through their own hard work and determination. But due to the vicious cycle of poverty most are unable to achieve their American Dream.   The cycle of poverty in America is affected by many factors includingRead MoreEssay on How Debt Affects Americans822 Words   |  4 Pagesstruck by debt, they might have trouble recovering. Debt can cause Americans to lose their homes and stability they need to feed, and shelter their families. Although debt comes upon us Americans quickly, people can see debt as terrible thing to be stuck with. It has many disadvantages that can devastate to people. Within debt there are subtopics that can be debated. We have the poor and the people who are living in poverty. Poverty is seen as a big problem within America. â€Å"It is defined as the stateRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1486 Words   |  6 Pageslegally and socially poor in the United States tend to stay in a cycle through life, not always by choice, but because they are given less opportunities, education and tools to achieve their success. The poverty stricken class has a significantly larger income gap than the upper class, the American Dream is weakened through opportunity and is shown through statistics. Inequality exists and is high in America due to the amount of income and wealth that is distributed through power. In America the incomeRead MoreThe American Dream : The American Dream1014 Words   |  5 Pages The American Dream. The American Dream is made up of many different aspects and ideas. Like moving up the social , escaping poverty , freedom ,equality , pursuing our interests and passions , opinions and safety. Most of the dreams are different for an individual depending on their situation. Poverty is a struggle in life. Not having enough to eat , not having heat and shelter. For the kids , life in poverty is much tougher to overcome than those who already have help with wealth.

Sustainable Competitive Advantage free essay sample

Resources are the assets, capabilities, processes, information, and knowledge that an organization controls. Firms use their resources to improve organizational effectiveness and efficiency. Resources are critical to organizational strategy because they can help companies create and sustain an advantage over competitors. 3 Organizations can achieve a competitive advantage by using their resources to provide greater value for customers than competitors can. For example, iTunes and iPod created competitive advantage for Apple and value for its customers by combining elements of design, price, and capability in a unique way. But the most important advantage was being the first company to make it easy to legally download music to digital devices. (Prior to the iTunes store, the only means of acquiring digital music was illegal file swapping. ) Apple negotiated agreements with virtually all of the major record labels to distribute their songs from a central online library, and iTunes quickly became the premier platform for music downloading. The easy-to-understand site came with free downloadable software customers could use to organize and manage their digital music library. 4 The goal of most organizational strategies is to create and then sustain a competitive advantage. A competitive advantage becomes a sustainable competitive advantage when other companies cannot duplicate the value a firm is providing to customers. Sustainable competitive advantage is not the same as a long-lasting competitive advantage, though companies obviously want a competitive advantage to last a long time. Instead, a competitive advantage is sustained if competitors have tried unsuccessfully to duplicate the advantage and have, for the moment, stopped trying to duplicate it. It’s the corporate equivalent of your competitors saying, â€Å"We give up. You win. We can’t do what you do, and we’re not even going to try to do it any more. † As Exhibit 5. 1 shows, four conditions must be met if a firm’s resources are to be used to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. The resources must be valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable, and nonsubstitutable. Valuable resources allow companies to improve their efficiency and effectiveness. Unfortunately, changes in customer demand and preferences, competitors’ actions, and technology can make once-valuable resources much less valuable. 5 For sustained competitive advantage, valuable resources must also be rare resources. Think about it: How can a company sustain a competitive advantage if all of its competitors have similar resources and capabilities? Consequently, rare resources, resources that are not controlled or possessed by many competing firms, are necessary to sustain a competitive advantage. When Apple introduced the iPod, no other portable music players on the market used existing hard-drive technology in their design. The iPod gained an immediate advantage over competitors because it was able to satisfy the desire of consumers to carry large numbers of songs in a portable device, something the newer MP3 systems and older individual CD players could not do. One of Apple’s truly rare resources is its ability to reconfigure existing technology into a package that is easy to use, elegantly designed, and therefore highly desired by customers. As the example shows, valuable and rare resources can create temporary competitive advantage. For sustained competitive advantage, however, other firms must be unable to imitate or find substitutes for those valuable, rare resources. Imperfectly imitable resources are those resources that are impossible or extremely costly or difficult to duplicate. For example, despite numerous attempts by competitors to imitate it, iTunes has retained its competitive lock on the music download business. In addition to its customer friendly software and its extensive media library, Apple has developed a closed system for its iTunes and iPod. iPod owners cannot download music from sources other than Apple’s iTunes store, but for many this is not a problem. Many devotees won’t even consider another brand. Kelly Moore, a sales representative for a Texas software company, says of her iPod mini, â€Å"Once I find something I like, I don’t switch brands. †6 She’s not alone: Since iTunes was launched, customers have downloaded over a billion songs. No other competitor comes close to those numbers. Valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable resources can produce sustainable competitive advantage only if they are also nonsubstitutable resources, meaning that no other resources can replace them and produce similar value or competitive advantage. To compete effectively against iTunes, competitors may need to change their business model. That is, competitors need to propose substitutes for iTunes that consumers will accept. For example, Napster founders Shawn Fanning and Wayne Rosso have created a subscription-based service called Mashboxx that charges $15 a month for unlimited downloads. Yahoo! Music uses a similar model but charges as little as $6 per month for complete access to its entire library of 2 million songs. 7 In addition to straight subscription models, some companies are experimenting with price. Where iTunes charges 99 cents per song, period, Amazon’s online store will allow the record companies to charge different amounts for different songs based upon popularity. At Amie Street, a newly posted track can be downloaded for free, but as the number of downloads increases, so does the song’s price, until it reaches the maximum of 98 cents. 8 In response to competitors’ experimentation, Apple has stated that its one-flat-price model has been both effective and lucrative and has no plans to change. It will take years to find out whether these new means of purchase will constitute an effective substitute to iTunes. 9 In summary, Apple has reaped the rewards of a first mover advantage from its interdependent iPod and iTunes. The company’s history of developing customer-friendly software, the innovative capabilities of the iPod, the simple 99-cent-pay-as-you-go sales model of iTunes, and the unmatched list of music and movies available for download provide customers with a service that has been valuable, rare, relatively nonsubstitutable, and, in the past, imperfectly imitable. Past success is, however, no guarantee of future success: Apple needs to continually change and develop its offerings or risk being unseated by a more nimble competitor whose products are more relevant and have higher perceived value to the consumer. Review 1 SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Firms can use their resources to create and sustain a competitive advantage, that is, to provide greater value for customers than competitors can. A competitive advantage becomes sustainable when other companies cannot duplicate the benefits it provides and have, for now, stopped trying. To provide a sustainable competitive advantage, the firm’s resources must be valuable (capable of improving efficiency and effectiveness), rare (not possessed by many competing firms), imperfectly imitable (extremely costly or difficult to duplicate), and nonsubstitutable (competitors cannot substitute other resources to produce similar value). 2Strategy-Making Process Companies use a strategy-making process to create strategies that produce sustainable competitive advantage. 10 Exhibit 5. 2 displays the three steps of the strategy-making process: 2. 1 assess the need for strategic change, 2. 2 conduct a situational analysis, and then 2. 3 choose strategic alternatives. Let’s examine each of these steps in more detail. Review 2 STRATEGY-MAKING PROCESS The first step in strategy making is determining whether a strategy needs to be changed to sustain a competitive advantage. Because uncertainty and competitive inertia make this difficult to determine, managers can improve the speed and accuracy of this step by looking for differences between top management’s intended strategy and the strategy actually implemented by lower-level managers (that is, looking for strategic dissonance). The second step is to conduct a situational analysis that examines internal strengths and weaknesses (distinctive competencies and core capabilities), as well as external threats and opportunities (environmental scanning, strategic groups, and shadow-strategy task forces). In the third step of strategy making, strategic reference point theory suggests that when companies are performing better than their strategic reference points, top management will typically choose a risk-averse strategy. When performance is below strategic reference points, risk-seeking strategies are more likely to be chosen. Importantly, however, managers can influence the choice of strategic alternatives by actively changing and adjusting the strategic reference points they use to judge strategic performance. Corporate-Level Strategies Corporate-level strategy is the over all organizational strategy that addresses the question â€Å"What business or businesses are we in or should we be in? † Exhibit 5. 4 shows the two major approaches to corporate-level strategy that companies use to decide which businesses they should be in: 3. 1 portfolio strategy33 and 3. 2 grand strategies. Review 3 CORPORATE-LEVEL STRATEGIES Corporate-level strategies, such as portfolio strategy and grand strategies, help managers determine what businesses they should be in. Portfolio strategy focuses on lowering business risk by being in multiple, unrelated businesses and by investing the cash flows from slow-growth businesses into faster-growing businesses. One portfolio strategy, the BCG matrix, suggests that cash flows from cash cows should be reinvested in stars and in carefully chosen question marks. Dogs should be sold or liquidated. Portfolio strategy has several problems, however. Acquiring unrelated businesses actually increases risk rather than lowering it. The BCG matrix is often wrong when predicting companies’ futures (as dogs or cash cows, for example). And redirecting cash flows can seriously weaken cash cows. The most successful way to use the portfolio approach to corporate strategy is to reduce risk through related diversification. The three kinds of grand strategies are growth, stability, and retrenchment/recovery. Companies can grow externally by merging with or acquiring other companies, or they can grow internally through direct expansion or creating new businesses. Companies choose a stability strategy—selling the same products or services to the same customers—when their external environment changes very little or after they have dealt with periods of explosive growth. Retrenchment strategy, shrinking the size or scope of a business, is used to turn around poor performance. If retrenchment works, it is often followed by a recovery strategy that focuses on growing the business again. 4Industry-Level Strategies Industry-level strategy addresses the question â€Å"How should we compete in this industry? † Let’s find out more about industry-level strategies by discussing 4. 1 the five industry forces that determine overall levels of competition in an industry and 4. 2 the positioning strategies and 4. 3 adaptive strategies that companies can use to achieve sustained competitive advantage and above-average profits. Review 4 INDUSTRY-LEVEL STRATEGIES Industry-level strategies focus on how companies choose to compete in their industry. Five industry forces determine an industry’s overall attractiveness to corporate investors and its potential for long-term profitability. Together, a high level of new entrants, substitute products or services, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, and rivalry between competitors combine to increase competition and decrease profits. Three positioning strategies can help companies protect themselves from the negative effects of industry-wide competition. Under a cost leadership strategy, firms try to keep production costs low so that they can sell products at prices lower than competitors’. Differentiation is a strategy aimed at making a product or service sufficiently different from competitors’ that it can command a premium price. Using a focus strategy, firms seek to produce a specialized product or service for a limited, specially targeted group of customers. The four adaptive strategies help companies adapt to changes in the external environment. Defenders want to â€Å"defend† their current strategic positions. Prospectors look for new market opportunities by bringing innovative new products to market. Analyzers minimize risk by following the proven successes of prospectors. Reactors do not follow a consistent strategy, but instead react to changes in their external environment after they occur. 5Firm-Level Strategies Microsoft brings out its Xbox 360 video-game console; Sony counters with its PlayStation 3. Sprint Nextel drops prices and increases monthly cell phone minutes; Verizon strikes back with better reception and even lower prices and more minutes. Starbucks Coffee opens a store, and nearby locally run coffeehouses respond by improving service, increasing portions, and holding the line on prices. Attack and respond, respond and attack. Firm-level strategy addresses the question â€Å"How should we compete against a particular firm? † Let’s find out more about the firm-level strategies (direct competition between companies) by reading about 5. 1 the basics of direct competition and 5. 2 the strategic moves involved in direct competition between companies. Review 5 FIRM-LEVEL STRATEGIES Firm-level strategies are concerned with direct competition between firms. Market commonality and resource similarity determine whether firms are in direct competition and thus likely to attack each other or respond to each other’s attacks. In general, the more markets in which there is product, service, or customer overlap, and the greater the resource similarity between two firms, the more intense the direct competition between them. When firms are direct competitors in a large number of markets, attacks are less likely because responding firms are highly motivated to quickly and forcefully defend their profits and market share. By contrast, resource similarity affects response capability, meaning how quickly and forcefully a company responds to an attack. When resource similarity is strong, attacks are much less likely to produce a sustained advantage because the responding firm is capable of striking back with equal force.

The Pulfrich phenomenon Essay Example

The Pulfrich phenomenon Paper Introduction What is the Pulfrich Phenomenon? The Pulfrich Phenomenon is a three dimensional semblance where a traveling object is seen to travel in an anomalous tract when viewed binocularly with a light rarefying filter placed in forepart of one oculus. This creates the semblance that an object oscillating on a frontal plane appears to follow an egg-shaped tract. The most widely accepted theory for this semblance is that cut downing the brightness of a stimulation to the retina of one oculus causes comparatively slower excitement of the photoreceptors ( www.suic.edu ) and hence a delayed processing of the image relation to the other oculus. ( 1 ) This creates a latency difference between the two eyes and as a consequence, information for two different scenes from each retina arrives at the ocular cerebral mantle at the same clip. Information from one oculus will get at the cerebral mantle milliseconds subsequently than the other. A geometric disparity is registered cortically from the input of the two eyes ( 7 ) and this leads to the wrong perceptual experience of the motion and comparative places of objects observed by the person. Many optic or neurological upsets that affect the ocular tract can bring forth a hold in signal transmittal to the encephalon, making a geometric disparity. The semblances created by this geometric disparity produce troublesome symptoms for persons with a status and is why many patients see jobs in mundane life as a consequence of the phenomenon. ( 5 ) Who foremost discovered the Phenomenon? We will write a custom essay sample on The Pulfrich phenomenon specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Pulfrich phenomenon specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Pulfrich phenomenon specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Carl Pulfrich, a physicist with the Zeiss Company, described the phenomenon in 1922. He was non able to detect the consequence himself nevertheless due to a childhood hurt, which left him blind in one oculus by 1905. The phenomenon was foremost noted earlier nevertheless by uranologists utilizing stereo-comparators to seek for planets. ( 3 ) Showing the phenomenon The Pulfrich phenomenon can be observed in a normal single by binocularly sing a vacillation pendulum British shilling whilst keeping a impersonal denseness filter in forepart of one oculus. The pendulum British shilling or mark used to arouse the phenomenon may take the signifier of a mechanical or computerized mark. The impersonal denseness filter lowers the retinal light of the oculus it covers, and this creates the difference in signal transmittal clip between the two eyes. This hold created by a decrease in retinal light is supported by several psychophysical and electro-physical probes. ( 1 ) ( ( 8,9 ) ) The geometric disparity created by the ocular latency difference between the eyes is interpreted by the encephalon as deepness by the binocular disparity sensors. ( 2 ) This is why the pendulum British shilling is perceived to hover in an egg-shaped gesture alternatively of traveling along a frontal plane. The sensed way of the pendulum s swing is dependent on which oculus the filter is covering ; the pendulum appears to revolve clockwise when the filter is placed in forepart of the left oculus and anti-clockwise when it is in forepart of the right oculus. Provoked and Spontaneous Pulfrich Phenomenon s When the Pulfrich phenomenon is induced in a normal single i.e. utilizing impersonal denseness filters, the phenomenon is sometimes called the provoked Pulfrich consequence. Since a hold can happen in persons with eyepiece or neurological upsets that affect the ocular tract, the Pulfrich consequence can happen spontaneously. Such diseases which may ensue in a self-generated Pulfrich consequence include ocular neuritis, an redness of the ocular nervus which can do swelling and devastation of the medulla sheath covering the ocular nervus. Since this medulla sheath helps carry on nervus urges along its axons faster than non-myelinated axons, its devastation will take to a slower transmittal to the occipital cerebral mantle, where the information is processed. Ocular neuropathies with bilaterally asymmetrical demyelination are thought to be the most common causes of the Pulfrich Phenomenon and the ocular symptoms it is associated with. ( website ) Systemic conditions such as Multiple Scl erosis, a demyelinating disease were the fatty medulla sheaths around axons are damaged ( Miller DH, Leary SM ( October 2007 ) . Primary-progressive multiple induration ) , can take to many persons sing the Pulfrich Phenomenon. The Pulfrich Phenomenon has besides been reported in many other diseases such as one-sided cataract or asymmetrical bilateral cataract. A cataract may cut down retinal light or bring forth retinal fuzz therefore taking to a ocular latency in the ocular tract of the affected oculus doing the phenomenon in the person. Anisometropic amblyopia, squint, corneal opacity, anisocoria, one-sided mydriasis, Central serous retinopathy, and age-related macular devolution have all been accountable to bring forth the Pulfrich consequence to some extent in an person. Retinal fuzz has besides been thought to be cause of the consequence, most noticeable in smaller marks. Sokol and Moskowitz ( cat ( 13 ) ) showed that a 12 MS addition in the ocular latency resulted from a 3 diopter refractile mistake. ( ) A self-generated Pulfrich phenomenon is non uncommon and has been found rather often in surveies with patients with optic and neurological upsets. It was found in 24 out of 93 patients with cured ocular neuritis, 16 out of 29 patients with unsophisticated one-sided cataract and three out of 70 patients with assorted squint jobs. ( 3 ) Factors impacting the magnitude of the Phenomenon seen The magnitude of the Pulfrich Phenomenon seen depends on a figure of factors with retinal light being one of the most important. The magnitude of Pulfrich consequence seen i.e. the deepness of the egg-shaped flight, is larger for increasing disparity of retinal light between the two eyes. This may happen in a patient with a self-generated Pulfrich phenomenon, for illustration when one oculus has a much denser cataract than the fellow oculus. It may besides happen in instances of uniocular mydriasis when anisocoria could be induced. ( 2 ) The oculus with the larger pupil receives increased retinal light than the other oculus with a smaller student and hence the phenomenon may be induced. This may besides happen when the Pulfrich phenomenon is provoked, i.e. when a impersonal denseness filter covering the oculus is increased in deepness. Lit ( ( 2 ) 12 ) has shown that the magnitude of the Pulfrich consequence seen, that is the size of the oval, is relative to the denseness of the filt er used. The distance from which a pendulum or similar mark is viewed, besides has an consequence on the magnitude of the Pulfrich phenomenon seen. An addition in the magnitude of the phenomenon can be observed as the distance between the perceiver and mark additions. Target speed besides contributes to the magnitude of the Pulfrich phenomenon. As the mark speed additions, so does the magnitude of the Pulfrich consequence seen by the perceiver, taking to much more noticeable semblances and increased ocular symptoms. Symptoms experienced due to the Phenomenon The symptoms expressed by a patient with the Pulfrich phenomenon to a general practician or oculist can be rather unusual. Objects appear to travel in wrong tracts when either the perceiver or the mark is in gesture. ( 3 ) Objects traveling up and down nevertheless will non show this consequence or lead to symptoms as a consequence of misjudged distances. These symptoms experienced lead to troubles in mundane undertakings. Undertakings such as driving and assorted ball game activities like football, which require good perceptual experience of traveling objects, have been found to be more hard for patients who have the Pulfrich phenomenon. Even the simplest of undertakings such as voyaging through room accesss or pouring a drink have been found to bring forth an increased degree of trouble for such patients. Several surveies have revealed that ocular damage leads to increased auto accidents and trouble drive. Ocular perceptual experience has a cardinal function in the safe operation of a vehicle, assisting prevent drive mistakes and hence prevent accidents and human deaths. In order to drive safely, a driver must be able to move and respond to the altering environment around him/her. This requires the ability to right gauge the comparative places of traveling and non-moving objects. Some Patients with a self-generated Pulfrich phenomenon have complained of oncoming autos seemingly sheering across the route towards them. This ocular perceptual experience could take to a serious accident and therefore must be treated to assist forestall any casualties. Persons who were subsequently diagnosed with pathologies thought to be the cause of a self-generated Pulfrich Phenomenon have reported the semblance that whilst drive, oncoming autos appear to sheer across the route towards them. Percept of this would take to the driver doing a crisp bend off to get away what he/she thinks is a certain accident. Forty old ages ago, a traffic accident was reported which occurred as a consequence of an induced Pulfrich phenomenon due to one-sided pupillary dilation. ( mention ) Since so, many probes have been carried out to larn more about the consequence a self-generated Pulfrich phenomenon has on driving. It was found that many persons had jobs with judging distances when driving, particularly when executing tactics such as contrary parking into a garage. ( mentions ) Why is it utile for oculists to be able to name and handle the Pulfrich phenomenon? Due to troublesome ocular symptoms experienced by patients known to hold the phenomenon, it is in the involvement of both the patient and Optometrist that the Pulfrich consequence is diagnosed and treated every bit shortly as possible. Assorted surveies have shown that one-sided mydriasis was found to ever bring forth the phenomenon on topics. ( mention ) Because of this, it would be of import for the Optometrist to warn the patient in progress of dilation, the ocular symptoms and trouble judging distance that can be expected, and besides to warn, if possible, the patient should non drive place. It has besides been suggested that, because patients with conditions such as cataract and ocular neuropathy frequently demonstrate the Pulfrich phenomenon, an effectual trial for the Pulfrich phenomenon might be a utile add-on to the trials available to Optometrists in primary attention pattern. The sensing of this phenomenon may help prompt diagnosing of any implicit in pathology therefore t he right direction and intervention could be initiated without hold. Recognition of this phenomenon could be peculiarly helpful in the early diagnosing of Retrobulbar neuritis, the most common signifier of ocular neuritis in grownups and often associated with multiple induration ( Jack J Kanski ) . In retrobulbar neuritis, the ocular phonograph record visual aspect is normal, at least ab initio, because the ocular nervus caput is non involved and so early sensing is hard utilizing direct or indirect Ophthalmoscopy. Testing for the Pulfrich phenomenon is the lone manner to clinically find if gesture stereopsis is normal or non. Ocular Elicited Potentials are non utile in analyzing how gesture stereopsis is affected, as their signals are travel via different ocular tracts. VEP s are besides non available to primary attention oculists. Standard stereo-tests such as the Frisby stereotest normally used in Optometric Practice besides fail to observe any abnormalcies in gesture stereopsis. ( 1 ) Knowledge and apprehension of the Pulfrich would assist the Optometrist appreciate many of the strange symptoms experienced by an person with the Pulfrich phenomenon and the many sorts of jobs faced in day-to-day life by i.e. athleticss games and traffic state of affairss. The symptoms experienced by a patient with the phenomenon can be rather easy ignored or dismissed if the clinician is incognizant of the phenomenon. If oculists had the appropriate equipment and cognition to name the Pulfrich phenomenon in mundane pattern, they would besides be able to handle the phenomenon and its sometimes-disabling effects utilizing simple filtered lenses. This would assist cut down or extinguish any of the jobs experienced as a consequence. Patients, that happen even the simplest of undertakings such as pouring a drink or voyaging through room accesss, may be enabled to transport out these undertakings with easiness after intervention. Management and intervention of the phenomenon may besides let patients who retired from driving a vehicle due to the ocular troubles faced with the Pulfrich consequence to experience confident in driving once more. The unusual symptoms experienced when driving due to the Pulfrich phenomenon, particularly the location of traveling o bjects encountered in traffic, could be eliminated with the simple intervention available. How is the Pulfrich phenomenon treated? The symptoms experienced by patients with a self-generated Pulfrich phenomenon can be reduced or eliminated by puting an appropriate impersonal denseness filter or ocular shade in forepart of the unaffected oculus. ( 3 ) The lens has the consequence of cut downing retinal light of the unaffected oculus and hence creates a hold in signal transmittal to the ocular cerebral mantle, which equals the hold in the affected oculus. To taking a right filter, the patient is shown a scope of filters of changing densenesss and asked to make up ones mind which lens alleviates their symptoms and removes phenomenon. Once the suited lens filter has been chosen, it may so be worn as eyeglassess or as a contact lens. Ocular shades are preferred to impersonal denseness filters as they are more readily available and cost effectual for the patient. ( 3 ) The filters used to handle the phenomenon should stay the same without necessitating to be updated, so long as the underlying pathology remains stationa ry. ( ) Other Diagnostic methods Doctors and other Healthcare professionals have found many different ways of proving for the phenomenon. The most frequently suggested method is to swing a pendulum in 5 different tracts in forepart of a patient. A pendulum is swung in each of the tracts, from A-E. If the right oculus is affected, the tracts C and B produce the most pronounced consequence for the patient. The pendulum appears to swerve towards the patient as it gets closer on these tracts. Picture from Charles J. M Diaper, 1997 Surv Ophthalmol Another technique used by some medical professionals in observing the Pulfrich Phenomenon is when the tester instructs the patient to rapidly walk past the tester whilst seeking to brush his/her shoulder on either side. If the consequence is present the patient s left oculus for illustration as shown in the diagram below, normally the affected eyes side will ensue in a big spread between the patient and the tester. Mistakes in spacial localisation consequence in the misjudgement of the distance between the patient and tester. The patient can be seen to do a class rectification, which can be seen as a rapid stumble off from the tester. ( 6 ) The wrong distance opinion by the patient is a consequence of an semblance caused by the Pulfrich phenomenon taking the patient to believe the tester is closer than what he/she really is. ( 3 ) Note that this spread would merely happen on the same side of the affected oculus. For illustration if the patient s right oculus were affected on the image left, a big spread would non be observed. What my undertaking is about? In this undertaking we are interested in look intoing which trials prove most effectual to an Optometrist in observing the Pulfrich Phenomenon and besides what the optimum parametric quantities are for arousing the Pulfrich consequence in visually normal perceivers. With the ready handiness of computerised stimulations for arousing the Pulfrich consequence, this may now be possible in pattern. We would wish to look into which of the presently available on-line versions of the Pulfrich phenomenon stimulations are most successful and sensitive at arousing the Pulfrich consequence. I will besides prove a scope of impersonal denseness filters of changing deepnesss to see which induces the phenomenon best in a group of visually normal grownups aged 18-30. I will besides be entering the distances at which the topics were placed in relation to the screen throughout the trial to see what consequence this may hold on observing the phenomenon on how sensitive the different stimulations were at observing the Pulfrich phenomenon in the topics.